In the Japanese language, adjectives are words used to describe or modify nouns. They come in two types: i-adjectives and na-adjectives.
I-Adjectives
I-adjectives end in the character い (i) and can stand alone as predicates or modify nouns with the particle な (na) attached. Examples of i-adjectives include あつい (atsui, hot), おおきい (ookii, big), and かわいい (kawaii, cute).
Na-Adjectives
Na-adjectives do not end in い (i) and require the particle な (na) to modify nouns. Examples of na-adjectives include げんきな (genki na, healthy), きれいな (kirei na, beautiful), and しずか (shizuka, quiet).
Placement of Adjectives in Sentences
When placing adjectives in a sentence, i-adjectives typically come before the noun they are modifying without any particles in between. For example, “あついコーヒー” (atsui koohii) means “hot coffee”. However, when an i-adjective modifies a noun in a sentence-ending predicative expression, the copula だ (da) is added. For example, “このコーヒーはあついです” (kono koohii wa atsui desu) means “This coffee is hot.”
Na-adjectives require the particle な (na) when modifying a noun. For example, “きれいな花” (kirei na hana) means “beautiful flower”. When a na-adjective modifies a noun in a sentence-ending predicative expression, the copula だ (da) is added as well. For example, “その花はきれいです” (sono hana wa kirei desu) means “That flower is beautiful.”
Below are some examples of the different endings and appropriate contexts for i-adjectives and na-adjectives:
I-Adjective Endings:
Plain form: 高い (takai) – expensive/high
Polite form: 高いです (takai desu) – expensive/high (polite)
Negative plain form: 高くない (takakunai) – not expensive/high
Negative polite form: 高くありません (takaku arimasen) – not expensive/high (polite)
Na-Adjective Endings:
Positive form: 元気な (genki na) – energetic/healthy
Negative form: 元気じゃない (genki ja nai) – not energetic/healthy
Past form: 元気だった (genki datta) – was energetic/healthy
Past negative form: 元気じゃなかった (genki ja nakatta) – was not energetic/healthy
In summary, adjectives in Japanese are words used to modify or describe nouns. They come in two types: i-adjectives and na-adjectives. I-adjectives end in い (i) and can stand alone or modify nouns with the particle な (na) attached. Na-adjectives do not end in い (i) and require the particle な (na) to modify nouns. When placed in a sentence, i-adjectives come before the noun they modify, while na-adjectives require the particle な (na) before the noun they modify.
Adjectives for APPEARANCE:
- きれいな (kirei-na) – beautiful/pretty
- かわいい (kawaii) – cute
- かっこいい (kakkoii) – cool/handsome
- ほそい (hosoi) – thin/slim
- ふとった (futotta) – chubby
- たかい (takai) – tall
- ちいさい (chiisai) – small
- うつくしい (utsukushii) – beautiful/gorgeous
- きたない (kitanai) – dirty
- きれい好きな (kireizuki-na) – neat/clean
- しんせつな (shinsetsu-na) – kind
- やさしい (yasashii) – gentle
- つよい (tsuyoi) – strong
- よわい (yowai) – weak
- うるさい (urusai) – noisy
- しずかな (shizuka-na) – quiet
- げんきな (genki-na) – energetic
- ひまな (hima-na) – idle/free
- せまい (semai) – narrow/tight
- ひろい (hiroi) – spacious/wide
Adjectives for PERSONALITY:
- やさしい (yasashii) – kind
- しんせつな (shinsetsu-na) – gentle
- げんきな (genki-na) – energetic
- ひまな (hima-na) – idle/free
- いじわるな (ijiwaru-na) – mean
- きちがいな (kichigai-na) – crazy
- ひかえめな (hikaeme-na) – reserved/modest
- おおきな (ookina) – big
- ちいさな (chiisana) – small
- かんたんな (kantan-na) – easy/simple
- むずかしい (muzukashii) – difficult/complicated
- ゆうめいな (yuumei-na) – famous
- しんぱいな (shinpai-na) – worried/anxious
- すごい (sugoi) – amazing/awesome
- だいじょうぶな (daijoubu-na) – okay/alright
- ふつうな (futsuu-na) – normal/ordinary
- まじめな (majime-na) – serious/diligent
- おおげさな (oogesana) – exaggerated
- めんどうくさい (mendoukusai) – troublesome/annoying
- あいまいな (aimai-na) – vague/ambiguous
Adjectives for EMOTIONS:
- 嬉しい (ureshii) – happy
- 悲しい (kanashii) – sad
- 怒っている (okotte iru) – angry
- 恐ろしい (osoroshii) – scary
- びっくりした (bikkurishita) – surprised
- 緊張した (kinchou shita) – nervous
- 落ち込んだ (ochikonda) – depressed
- 元気な (genki na) – energetic
- 幸せな (shiawase na) – fortunate
- 心配な (shinpai na) – worried
- 不安な (fuan na) – anxious
- 楽しい (tanoshii) – fun
- うんざりした (unzari shita) – fed up
- 焦った (asetta) – anxious
- 楽観的な (rakkanteki na) – optimistic
- 悔しい (kuyashii) – regretful
- 緊張した (kinchou shita) – tense
- 満足した (manzoku shita) – satisfied
- 失望した (shitsubou shita) – disappointed
- 楽しめた (tanoshimeta) – enjoyable
Adjectives for BEHAVIOR:
- 積極的な (sekkyokuteki na) – proactive
- 消極的な (shoukyokuteki na) – passive
- 礼儀正しい (reigi tadashii) – polite
- 無礼な (burei na) – rude
- 優しい (yasashii) – kind
- 冷静な (reisei na) – calm
- 大胆な (daitan na) – bold
- 臆病な (okubyou na) – cowardly
- 楽天的な (rakuten teki na) – optimistic
- 悲観的な (hikanteki na) – pessimistic
- 真面目な (majime na) – serious
- 不真面目な (fumajime na) – unserious
- 意地悪な (ijiwaru na) – mean
- 思いやりのある (omoiyari no aru) – considerate
- 自己中心的な (jikochuushin teki na) – self-centered
- 冗談好きな (joudan zukina) – fond of jokes
- 素直な (sunao na) – obedient
- 無邪気な (mujakina) – innocent
- 偉大な (idai na) – great
- 悪い (warui) – bad
Adjective for RELATIONSHIPS:
- 優しい (yasashii) – gentle, kind
- 愛しい (itoshii) – beloved, dear
- 忠実な (chuujitsuna) – loyal, faithful
- 真面目な (majime na) – serious, earnest
- 可愛い (kawaii) – cute, adorable
- 頼りになる (tayori ni naru) – reliable, dependable
- 信頼できる (shinrai dekiru) – trustworthy
- 熱心な (nesshin na) – enthusiastic, passionate
- 親密な (shinmitsu na) – close, intimate
- 礼儀正しい (reigi tadashii) – polite, courteous
- 穏やかな (odayaka na) – calm, peaceful
- 理解がある (rikai ga aru) – understanding, empathetic
- ソフトな (sofuto na) – gentle, soft
- 気さくな (kisaku na) – friendly, approachable
- 大胆な (daitan na) – bold, daring
- 賢い (kashikoi) – wise, clever
- 正直な (shoujiki na) – honest, truthful
- 自由な (jiyuu na) – free, independent
- 強い (tsuyoi) – strong, powerful
- 弱い (yowai) – weak, fragile
Adjective for HEALTH:
- 健康的な (kenkouteki na) – healthy
- 元気な (genki na) – energetic, lively
- ストレスが少ない (sutoresu ga sukunai) – low-stress
- 疲れていない (tsukarete inai) – not tired
- 新鮮な (shinsen na) – fresh
- 清潔な (seiketsu na) – clean, hygienic
- 栄養のある (eiyou no aru) – nutritious
- 安全な (anzen na) – safe
- 無菌の (mukin no) – sterile
- 快適な (kaiteki na) – comfortable
- 病気のない (byouki no nai) – without illness
- ウイルスに感染していない (uirusu ni kanshou shite inai) – not infected with a virus
- 痛くない (itakunai) – painless
- 息切れしない (ikigire shinai) – not out of breath
- スムーズな (sumuuzu na) – smooth
- 活発な (kappatsu na) – active, vigorous
- 運動が得意な (undou ga tokui na) – good at sports
- 柔軟な (juunan na) – flexible
- 強靭な (kyoujin na) – resilient, strong
- スリムな (surimu na) – slim, lean
Adjectives for EDUCATION:
- 教育的な (kyouikuteki na) – educational
- 学術的な (gakujutsuteki na) – academic
- 賢明な (kenmei na) – wise
- 優秀な (yuushuu na) – excellent
- 有能な (yuunou na) – capable
- 勉強熱心な (benkyou nesshin na) – diligent in studying
- 知識豊富な (chishiki houfu na) – knowledgeable
- 熱心な (nesshin na) – enthusiastic
- 読み書きが上手な (yomikaki ga jouzu na) – good at reading and writing
- 経験豊富な (keiken houfu na) – experienced
- 真面目な (majime na) – serious
- 賢い (kashikoi) – clever
- 積極的な (sekkyokuteki na) – proactive
- 才能ある (sainou aru) – talented
- 聡明な (soumei na) – intelligent
- 誠実な (seijitsu na) – sincere
- 計画的な (keikakuteki na) – planned
- 能力が高い (nouryoku ga takai) – highly skilled
- 頭がいい (atama ga ii) – smart
- 難関を突破する (nankan wo toppa suru) – to overcome difficult challenges
Adjectives for POLITICS:
- 政治的な (seijiteki na) – political
- 民主的な (minshuteki na) – democratic
- 穏健な (onken na) – moderate
- 革新的な (kakushinteki na) – progressive
- 保守的な (hoshuteki na) – conservative
- 独裁的な (dokusai teki na) – dictatorial
- 自由主義的な (jiyuushugiteki na) – liberal
- 責任ある (sekinin aru) – responsible
- 権力に執着する (kenryoku ni shuuchaku suru) – obsessed with power
- 偏見がある (henken ga aru) – biased
- 狭量な (kyouyou na) – narrow-minded
- 腐敗した (fuhai shita) – corrupt
- 独断的な (dokudan teki na) – arbitrary
- 率直な (socchoku na) – frank
- 統制的な (tousei teki na) – regulatory
- 強権的な (kyoukenteki na) – authoritarian
- 公正な (kousei na) – fair
- 大衆迎合的な (taishuu geikou teki na) – populist
Adjective for ART:
- 美しい (utsukushii) – beautiful
- 感動的な (kandouteki na) – moving, emotional
- 鮮やかな (azayakana) – vivid, bright
- 繊細な (sensai na) – delicate, refined
- 力強い (chikarazuyoi) – powerful, strong
- 現代的な (gendai teki na) – contemporary
- 革新的な (kakushin teki na) – innovative, revolutionary
- 伝統的な (dentou teki na) – traditional
- 華麗な (karei na) – splendid, gorgeous
- 雄大な (yuu dai na) – majestic, grand
- 抽象的な (chuushou teki na) – abstract
- 具象的な (gushou teki na) – realistic, concrete
- 素朴な (soboku na) – simple, plain
- 無邪気な (mu jakina) – innocent, naive
- 妖艶な (youen na) – bewitching, seductive
- 幻想的な (gensou teki na) – fantastic, surreal
- 無機的な (mukiteki na) – inorganic
- 有機的な (yuukiteki na) – organic
- 静かな (shizuka na) – quiet, peaceful
- 荒々しい (arashii) – rough, wild
Adjective for SPORTS:
- 熱烈な (netsuretsu na) – passionate
- 激しい (hageshii) – intense, fierce
- 勇敢な (yuukan na) – brave, courageous
- 挑戦的な (chousen teki na) – challenging
- 努力家の (doryoku ka no) – hardworking
- 手際の良い (tezukuri no yoi) – skillful, adept
- 頑張り屋の (ganbariya no) – tenacious, determined
- 粘り強い (nebarizuyoi) – persistent, resilient
- 速い (hayai) – fast, quick
- 精密な (seimitsu na) – precise, accurate
- 高度な (koudo na) – advanced, sophisticated
- 長距離の (choukyori no) – long-distance
- 短距離の (tankyori no) – short-distance
- 強靭な (kyoujin na) – tough, sturdy
- 柔軟な (juunan na) – flexible, adaptable
- 器用な (kiyou na) – dexterous, nimble
- 積極的な (sekkyoku teki na) – proactive, positive
- 無敵の (muteki no) – unbeatable, invincible
- 勝利への (shouri e no) – geared towards victory
Adjectives for FOOD:
- おいしい (oishii) – delicious
- 甘い (amai) – sweet
- 辛い (karai) – spicy/hot
- しょっぱい (shoppai) – salty
- 苦い (nigai) – bitter
- 酸っぱい (suppai) – sour
- 無味乾燥な (mumikansou na) – tasteless
- 油っぽい (aburappoi) – oily
- さっぱりした (sapparishita) – refreshing/light
- 腐った (kusatta) – rotten
- 焦げた (kogeta) – burnt
- 柔らかい (yawarakai) – soft/tender
- 固い (katai) – hard/firm
- 生の (nama no) – raw
- 熟した (jukushita) – ripe
- 冷たい (tsumetai) – cold
- 熱い (atsui) – hot
- 新鮮な (shinsen na) – fresh
- 濃厚な (noukou na) – rich/thick
- 軽い (karui) – light
Adjectives for TRAVEL:
- 美しい (utsukushii) – beautiful
- 静かな (shizuka na) – quiet
- 賑やかな (nigiyaka na) – lively/busy
- 人気のある (ninki no aru) – popular
- ロマンチックな (romanchikku na) – romantic
- 大きい (ookii) – big
- 小さい (chiisai) – small
- 素晴らしい (subarashii) – wonderful
- ユニークな (yuniiku na) – unique
- 活気のある (kakki no aru) – energetic/vibrant
- 安全な (anzen na) – safe
- 危険な (kiken na) – dangerous
- 便利な (benri na) – convenient
- 不便な (fuben na) – inconvenient
- 面白い (omoshiroi) – interesting
- 退屈な (taikutsu na) – boring
- 快適な (kaiteki na) – comfortable
- 不快な (fukai na) – uncomfortable
- 清潔な (seiketsu na) – clean
- 汚い (kitanai) – dirty
Adjectives for TECHNOLOGY:
- 新しい (atarashii) – new
- 古い (furui) – old
- 便利な (benrina) – convenient
- 高性能な (kouseinou na) – high-performance
- 革新的な (kakushinteki na) – innovative
- 手軽な (tegaruna) – easy-to-use
- 多機能な (takinou na) – multi-functional
- モダンな (modan na) – modern
- 使いやすい (tsukai yasui) – user-friendly
- 高速な (kousoku na) – high-speed
- 高品質な (kouhinshitsu na) – high-quality
- 安定した (antei shita) – stable
- 簡単な (kantan na) – simple
- 軽量な (keiryou na) – lightweight
- 高精度な (kouseido na) – high-precision
- スマートな (sumaato na) – smart
- 先進的な (senshinteki na) – advanced
- 静かな (shizuka na) – quiet
- 環境に優しい (kankyou ni yasashii) – eco-friendly
- 大容量の (daiyouryou no) – large-capacity
Adjectives for FASHION:
- オシャレな (oshare na) – fashionable
- シンプルな (shinpuruna) – simple
- モダンな (modan na) – modern
- クラシックな (kurashikku na) – classic
- エレガントな (eriganto na) – elegant
- カジュアルな (kajuaru na) – casual
- スタイリッシュな (sutairisshu na) – stylish
- 大人っぽい (otona ppoi) – mature
- 可愛らしい (kawairashii) – cute
- ボヘミアンな (bohemian na) – bohemian
- セクシーな (sekushii na) – sexy
- レトロな (retoro na) – retro
- 上品な (jouhin na) – refined
- スポーティーな (supootii na) – sporty
- フェミニンな (feminin na) – feminine
- クールな (kuuru na) – cool
- カラフルな (karafuru na) – colorful
- ユニークな (yuniiku na) – unique
- シックな (shikku na) – chic
- モノトーンの (monotoon no) – monochromatic
Adjectives for BUSINESS:
- 効率的な (kouritsuteki na) – efficient
- 成功した (seikou shita) – successful
- 生産的な (seisan teki na) – productive
- 利益になる (rieki ni naru) – profitable
- 経済的な (keizai teki na) – economical
- 安定した (antei shita) – stable
- 信頼できる (shinrai dekiru) – reliable
- 革新的な (kakushinteki na) – innovative
- 独自の (dokuji no) – unique
- 積極的な (sekkyokuteki na) – proactive
- 責任ある (sekinin aru) – responsible
- 挑戦的な (chousen teki na) – challenging
- 熱心な (nesshin na) – enthusiastic
- 誠実な (seijitsu na) – sincere
- 力強い (chikarazuyoi) – strong
- 熟練した (jukuren shita) – skilled
- 無限の可能性がある (mugen no kanousei ga aru) – limitless potential
- 魅力的な (miryokuteki na) – attractive
- 有能な (yuunou na) – capable
- 成長する (seichou suru) – growing
- 明確な (meikaku na) – clear
- 有効な (yukou na) – effective
- 適切な (tekisetsu na) – appropriate
- 説得力のある (settoku ryoku no aru) – persuasive
- 迅速な (jinsoku na) – prompt
- 直接的な (chokusetsuteki na) – direct
- 誠実な (seijitsu na) – sincere
- 簡潔な (kanketsu na) – concise
- 詳細な (shousai na) – detailed
- 分かりやすい (wakariyasui) – easy to understand
- 誠心誠意のある (seishinseii no aru) – genuine
- 開放的な (kaihouteki na) – open-minded
- 要約された (youyaku sareta) – summarized
- 理解しやすい (rikai shi yasui) – understandable
- 丁寧な (teinei na) – polite
- 相手に合わせた (aite ni awaseta) – adaptive
- 意義深い (igibukai) – meaningful
- 楽しい (tanoshii) – enjoyable
- 自然な (shizen na) – natural
- 柔軟な (juunan na) – flexible
Adjectives for COMMUNICATION:
Adjectives for LAW:
- 合法的な (gouhouteki na) – legal
- 違法な (ihou na) – illegal
- 公正な (kousei na) – fair
- 不当な (futou na) – unjust
- 正当な (seitou na) – legitimate
- 適法な (tekihou na) – lawful
- 非合法な (hi gouhouteki na) – unlawful
- 許可された (kyoka sareta) – permitted
- 禁止された (kinshi sareta) – prohibited
- 法律に違反した (houritsu ni ihanshita) – in violation of the law
- 法的な (houteki na) – legal
- 道徳的な (doutokuteki na) – moral
- 公共の (koukyou no) – public
- 私的な (shiteki na) – private
- 強制的な (kyousei teki na) – mandatory
- 自発的な (jihatsuteki na) – voluntary
- 犯罪的な (hanzaitteki na) – criminal
- 刑事的な (keijiteki na) – penal
- 民事的な (minjiteki na) – civil
- 行政的な (gyouseiteki na) – administrative
Adjectives for SOCIETY:
- 社会的な (shakaiteki na) – social
- 個人的な (kojinteki na) – individual
- 共同の (kyoudou no) – communal
- 集団的な (shuudanteki na) – collective
- 民主的な (minshuteki na) – democratic
- 経済的な (keizaiteki na) – economic
- 政治的な (seijiteki na) – political
- 文化的な (bunkateki na) – cultural
- 国際的な (kokusaiteki na) – international
- 地域的な (chiikiteki na) – regional
- 多様な (tayou na) – diverse
- 伝統的な (dentouteki na) – traditional
- 現代的な (gendai teki na) – contemporary
- 公共の (koukyou no) – public
- 私的な (shiteki na) – private
- 公正な (kousei na) – just
- 不公平な (fukouhei na) – unfair
- 平等な (byoudou na) – equal
- 不平等な (fu byoudou na) – unequal
- 自由な (jiyuu na) – free
Originally posted 2023-07-18 06:09:05.